German bonds pared declines and the euro trimmed gains after the release, as markets increasingly come around to that higher-for-longer narrative. The yield on 10-year government debt is hovering just below 3% — the highest since 2011. The euro is flirting with its weakest level against the dollar this year, near $1.05.

Money markets are wagering on two quarter-point rate reductions by end-2024, compared with as many as three just two weeks ago.

Inflation not only remains elevated but is accelerating in some countries. Earlier Thursday, Spain reported a jump to 3.2% this month on electricity and fuel costs. Citing the advance in oil that’s brought prices near $100 a barrel, its central bank sees a further acceleration to 4.3% in 2024. In Ireland, price growth quickened to 5% from 4.9%.

The era of negative bond yields afforded both the German government and private sector speculators the opportunity to be paid to borrow. That also implies the EU is now more interest rate sensitive than the USA. Germany’s housing prices are in a steep decline as the era of better than free money ends.

Eoin, you’re rightly highlighting the dangers of the steepening Yield Curve, or rather “uninversion” currently being undertaken. Typically though, this is a result of the Fed doing a U-Turn and cutting rates at the front end to soften the impact of a sluggish economy, or one in recession.

In this instance, it’s the other end of the curve showing the movement, only higher, as inflation continues to be a concern and the demand for longer term bonds isn’t enough to match the considerable supply. How does the change in dynamic to this “uninversion” influence your thinking?

Thank you for this topical question. I had a look at several past examples of when the 10-year – 3-month yield curve spread was inverted. The vast majority follow the process you describe at the beginning of your email.

Generally, the long-end pre-empts easing at the short end. In other words, the 10-year peaks before the 3-month. Then the 3-month collapses as interest rates are cut and the curve steepens into sharply positive territory.

“Investors are beginning to realize that a ‘higher for longer’ interest rate environment is a likely outcome and are slowly adjusting to the ‘new normal,’” Paul Nolte, a senior wealth manager at Murphy & Sylvest Wealth Management, wrote in a note. “Higher-for-longer has been the mantra of the Fed for a few months. It is only recently that the markets have been taking them at their word.”

On days when the stock, bond and commodity markets decline but the Dollar goes up, the only clear conclusion is cash is being raised and stuffed into money market funds.

That pattern of behaviour is putting downward pressure on the very short-end of the curve while the long-end is still trending higher. The net result is the 10-year – 3-month yield curve spread is now recovering from deeply inverted territory.

Another issue is overly-aggressive adjustments to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA) of a company borrowing money, IOSCO said.

"Alongside looser covenants, there is evidence that headline debt-to-EBITDA may be understated," it said.

Investors have long worried that the EBITDA used, boosted by "add backs", may not be achievable, and that it masks the true amount of leverage.

"EBITDA adjustments based on future synergies, earnings and asset disposals should be made on a reasonable basis and borrowers are encouraged to provide clear justifications of these adjustments to investors," the proposed guidance says.

There is also a lack of transparency in the private finance market, which has experienced rapid growth, with private market assets under management reaching $12.8 trillion in June 2022, IOSCO said in a separate report.

U.S. companies have raised more money in private markets than in public markets in each year since 2009, it added.

"While the inherent opacity in private finance provides investors with some insulation from the transparency costs faced in public markets, it could also jeopardize availability of information that regulators and investors require to effectively assess risks," IOSCO said.

The size and lack of transparency within the leveraged loan market is daunting, and there are clear risks associated with the sector. However, it is also the one portion of the bond market that has been immune to interest rates despite investment grade selling off aggressively over the last 18 months.

“We are committed to achieving and sustaining a stance of monetary policy that is sufficiently restrictive to bring inflation down to our 2% goal over time,” Powell said at a press conference following the decision.

He emphasized the Fed will “proceed carefully” as it assesses incoming data and the evolving outlook and risks, echoing remarks he made at the Fed’s annual symposium in Jackson Hole, Wyoming last month.

After raising rates rapidly last year, “now we’re fairly close, we think, to where we need to get,” Powell said.

There were no surprises from this Fed meeting. The plan remains to raise rates again or until there is clear evidence the inflation is back under control. The intervals between hikes are lengthening so it is possible they will wait until December to hike but November remains the most likely.

Chairman Powell referred to progress in the unemployment statistics even though the headline figure has not moved much. In fact unemployment made a new recovery high at the last reading so upside follow through would represent a breakout.

Sunak said in a speech on Wednesday in London that he would push back by five years to 2035 a plan to bar the sale of new petrol and diesel cars, casting the decision as an effort to protect families struggling with bills. The vast majority of vehicles sold in the UK would likely be electric by 2030 without government intervention, he said.

“At least for now it should be you, the consumer, who makes that choice, not the government forcing you to do it,” Sunak said in Downing Street. 

While Sunak insisted he was still committed to reaching net zero by 2050 and not watering down any targets, he said the UK must act in a “more proportionate way.” He affirmed his belief that climate change was “real and happening,” but said that the debate over the issue had been “charged with far too much emotion and not enough clarity.” 

Is common sense breaking out in the UK, or is this policy reversal a calculated play for the electorate’s unspoken middle ground? Perhaps it is both. The harsh reality for consumers is the efforts to achieve zero emissions are more expensive and wages are not rising quick enough to compensate the majority.

Cocoa – big trends often lose consistency at the penultimate high. Cocoa pulled back sharply for one week in August but recovered and jumped to a new high over the following five weeks. Today’s downward dynamic signals a peak of at least near-term but potential medium-term significance. Downside follow through will be required to confirm the signal.  

As evidence of economic stagnation increases the market is turning its attention to “how long the ECB will be able to keep rates steady,” said Mauro Valle, head of fixed income at Generali Investments. “It cannot be ruled out that the reversal of the monetary cycle may occur sooner than expected.”

Germany’s economy is stagnating which is bad news for the EU and the ECB’s efforts to get inflation back under control. The reason the Euro is weak is the ECB is predicting they have done enough to get inflation down but the Federal Reserve has repeatedly said they will err on the side of overtightening because the risk of failing to get inflation under control is too high.

The fact the ECB is still running negative real rates suggests the threat of a wage/price spiral remains credible. Against a background of rising oil prices and uncertainty of supply, monetary officials probably believe they don’t have much choice.

Earlier this month, analysts at Goldman Sachs estimated that Blackstone could attain a 0.19% weighting, implying about $15 billion of demand from index-tracking funds. Some of that buying may have already taken place: Blackstone stock has risen 9% since its inclusion was announced on Sept. 5.

Blackstone is joining after S&P Dow Jones Indices in April relented on a previous ban for new index entrants with multiple share classes.

Blackstone rallied impressively over the last month in advance of its entry into the S&P500. The company’s ambitions of soon achieving the goal of $1 trillion under management and its dominant position in private credit have been the other factors that drove interest in the share.

Banks are liquidity providers. When they are doing poorly, their inability to increase loan issuance has a knock-on effect for the wider economy. When they do well, loan issuance increases and liquidity flows into the wider economy. That helps to support asset prices. Therefore banking sectors tend to be lead, or at least coincident, indicators for their respective economies.

An inverted yield curve is a particular challenge because the sector’s basic business model is to borrow short-term to lend long term. When that happens, they need alternative business models to supplement income and thriving is more difficult. That’s why the performance of banks around the world at present is such an interesting development.
The Nasdaq Global Bank Index has held a sequence of higher reaction lows since late last year and is now firming from the region of the 200-day MA. Long-term it has been forming a base for the last 15-years.  A sustained move above 1000 will be required to confirm a return to demand dominance beyond 18-month bouts of enthusiasm that do not translate into long-term uptrends.

What are these risks?

There is one and only one: that the dividends paid by the companies that make up the S&P 500 index do not collapse, as happened from 1929 to 1934.

And so, for those who think that capitalism is finally going to experience its great final crisis, it is better to have gold.

But in the event that this dear system of exploitation of man by man were to survive as it has always done throughout history, well, I could live to be two hundred years old without any problem, my capital remaining mine.

Which is not nothing.

But the value of my capital can vary very greatly, which I don't care about as only the dividend payments matter to me.

Today, transforming my gold into shares is almost indifferent to me.

Let's imagine that in the coming months, the stock market falls by 50%, that gold stays where it is, that the yield therefore increases from 1.7% to 3.4% and that the ratio goes from 1 to 1.5.

At that point, I can sell half of my gold and buy the equivalent in shares, which allows me to double my annual income.

If the ratio passes, after a fall in gold from 1 to 0.5, on the other hand, I must sell my shares to buy gold.

And this is undoubtedly why the ratio has oscillated between 1.5 and 0.5 for a century and a half.

Gold does best when the stock market’s performance is nondescript, real rates are trending lower and the US dollar is weak. That is not generally the best time for the earnings yields to grow because secular bears generally mean excesses from the previous stock market bull cycle are being unwound.

GMB Organiser, Michelle McCrossen, said: “Today’s announcement is a humiliating admission of failure on the part of Birmingham City Council’s officials and leadership.

“Not only are they responsible for creating this crisis through years of discriminating against their own staff, but even they no longer believe themselves capable of fixing it.

“For decades the Council has stolen wages from its low-paid women workers, running up a huge equal pay liability that has brought Birmingham to the brink." 

They said today's news will be worrying for staff and residents. 

Equal pay cases are happening across retail as well.  

We revealed leaked documents that show a boost for the 55,000 claimants taking on Asda - where male dominated distribution centres have higher wages than the shop floor.

Disputes about equal pay seem out of character with the times we live in. Surely everyone doing the same job is offered the same pay? The reality is, they are. That is not what this issue is about. The GMB union’s successful gambit is council officials are incapable of defending their job description methodology in court. That’s especially true when many people are no longer capable of differentiating between genders in public life.

Summers also reiterated his concern about the widening US fiscal deficit, and the need for Washington to wrestle with raising the government’s revenue over time. One reason why the economy has been so strong in the face of high interest rates has been a fiscal swing of “perhaps 3%” of gross domestic product this year compared with 2022, he said.

Shutdown Warning

“It would be helpful if we could get to more realistic views about the fact that we’re going to need more revenues,” he said. He also warned lawmakers against failing to enact annual appropriations bills that are needed to keep the federal government funded after the start of the new fiscal year on Oct. 1.

A shutdown caused by an impasse over spending bills “doesn’t save any money, and further serves to disillusion people with Washington,” he said.

The hiring and wage figures were encouraging today while inflation figures remained elevated in the Wednesday report. That gives the superficial impression that inflation will been overcome as hiring moderates. This is where the backward nature of economic figures and the forward looking nature of markets comes into conflict.

Around 20,000 new homes a year have been put on hold as a result legal protections to clean and protect our precious water ways. This report explores the challenges that councils and other stakeholders are facing and sets out recommendations for action.

The idea of delaying home construction because of the impact on waterways gives the impression these are riverside apartments. That seems quite unlikely.

Venture capital funding was overly abundant in the latter half of 2020 and all of 2021. There were nearly 19,000 deals done that year, according to PitchBook, until things started to taper off in 2022.

Stanford points out that the average time between funding rounds is now around 1.5 years. – basically what it was before the pandemic boom times. So, hypothetically, if a company last raised capital in the first quarter of 2022 (one of the most active in terms of deal count, PitchBook data shows), many startups will be on the hunt for new capital in the fourth quarter of 2023.

Every company's situation is a little different based on their operating expenses and whether they've gotten fresh funding already. Though, unless you're an AI startup, the chance of a VC check has been slim to none. So what are their options? Likely a sale or shutting down.

But it's not just VCs who are being stingy. All those crossover firms that wanted to get in on the action like Tiger Global (which by the way, did 335 deals in 2021, according to Crunchbase) and Coatue, aren't doing the kind of deals that they used to. Participation has dropped from more than 550 deals and a quarterly peak of nearly $50 billion in 2021 to fewer than 200 deals and a quarterly peak of around $15 billion in 2023, Stanford wrote.

"We believe that a large portion of the supply-side deficit is derived from the crossover and other nontraditional investors that have pulled back from VC to more traditional strategies," he wrote.

China is not the only play where unprofitable enterprises have been starved of investment capital. Higher for longer interest rates are taking a toll everywhere and the breadth of what is capable of securing funding continues to contract. It’s AI or nothing at present.

As is often the case, we are navigating by the stars under cloudy skies. In such circumstances, risk-management considerations are critical. At upcoming meetings, we will assess our progress based on the totality of the data and the evolving outlook and risks. Based on this assessment, we will proceed carefully as we decide whether to tighten further or, instead, to hold the policy rate constant and await further data.

Restoring price stability is essential to achieving both sides of our dual mandate. We will need price stability to achieve a sustained period of strong labor market conditions that benefit all.

The 2% target is still official. Judging by the response of the market to Powell’s statement today, traders are beginning to give that statement some additional weight. Larry Summers’ remark on Twitter this morning helps to put the dilemma into fresh perspective.

“It is sobering to recall that the shape of the past decade’s inflation curve almost perfectly shadows its path from 1966 to 1976 before it accelerated in the late 1970s.”

“Our updated estimates suggest that households held less than $190 billion of aggregate excess savings by June,” San Francisco Fed researchers Hamza Abdelrahman and Luiz Oliveira said in a blog post published Wednesday on the bank’s website.

“There is considerable uncertainty in the outlook, but we estimate that these excess savings are likely to be depleted during the third quarter of 2023.”

There are substantial events coming up in Q3 that are worth considering now. Depleted personal savings are one factor. The resumption of student loan payments for 40 million people is another. Continued upward pressure on rental costs are another. Yet, the Federal Reserve is still raising rates and does not expect to cut until well into 2024.

The main argument is the Treasury is now increasing the quantity of debt issued so it more closely approximates the deficit.

Until now, the difference between spending and revenue raising, via debt, has been met with cash pulled from other areas of the government. That is now reaching its conclusion, so debt issuance has to increase to bridge the gap in funding. That siphons money out of the banking system and further tightens liquidity.

Whole-economy regular wage growth accelerated to 7.8% in the three months to June, from 7.5% previously. That was well above our estimate for 7.5% and consensus expectations for 7.4%. The surprise, relative to our forecasts, was almost fully accounted for by revisions to the data rather than news about the monthly pace of growth in June.

Whole-economy wage gains including bonuses ticked up faster, to 8.2% in June from 7.2% previously, largely due to one-off payments made to National Health Service workers on that month.

More important for the BOE is regular pay growth in the private sector, which climbed to 8.2% in the three months to June, from 7.9% in May. We expected it to rise to 7.8%, while the BOE was projecting it to come in at 7.6% in its August forecast. One thing to note is that the reading is still affected by April’s near-10% rise in the national minimum wage.

UK CPI will be updated tomorrow. The ex-food, alcohol and tobacco measure was still close to the peak level of around 7% at the last update in late June. With wage growth picking up, the Bank of England will be hoping inflationary pressures don’t reaccelerate and contribute to a dreaded wage-price spiral.

The latest data illustrate how American households — supported by a strong labor market and rising wages — are so far buttressing the economy against recession in the face of high interest rates. Too much strength, however, could force the Federal Reserve to pursue more aggressive policy should inflationary pressures prove sticky. 

“This will boost optimism that because of the resilience of the consumer we can achieve that soft landing,” Lindsey Piegza, chief economist at Stifel Financial Corp., said on Bloomberg Television. At the same time, “this simply means the Fed will have to be more aggressive raising rates higher and keeping rates higher for longer,” she said.

This is another example of how the excess liquidity in the economy has not yet been burned off. That is going to put further pressure on the Fed to continue to tighten and suggests the soft landing hype needs to find more data points to support the argument.

What is your opinion on the latest figures of the Fed's policy of quantitative tightening?

Quantitative tightening remains a central part of the Fed’s tool kit as they attempt to bring inflationary pressures back to an acceptable level.

The Fed’s balance sheet continues to contract and moved to new reaction lows a month ago. The process is slow relative to the accumulation phase between the low in 2019 and the peak in 2022 and it will continue until deflationary forces replace inflationary fears.

Missed payments on multiple high-yield investment products by a major Chinese shadow lender may trigger a “vicious cycle” for property developers’ financing and more delinquencies for trust products, JPMorgan Chase & Co. warns.

Liquidity stress is intensifying for indebted developers and their non-bank creditors after a unit of Zhongzhi Enterprise Group Co., one of China’s largest private wealth managers, failed to deliver on-time payments for multiple products, the US bank’s analysts including Katherine Lei wrote in a report Monday.  

About 2.8 trillion yuan ($386 billion), or 13% of China’s total trust assets, may see rising default risks, given their exposure to the property industry and local government debt, the report says. Up to 80% of local government financing vehicles may not be able to repay their debt principals, JPMorgan estimated.

“The trust defaults may set off a vicious cycle on POE (privately-owned enterprise) developers’ onshore debt,” the analysts wrote. “This follows that rising concern of developer defaults weakens investment sentiment and, as a result, trust companies may not be able or willing to roll over existing real estate-related products.”

When Chinese investors talk about trusts, they are a totally different product to what most global investors are accustomed to in their home markets. Trusts in China ballooned in popularity about a decade ago. They were set up as a way for wealthy private individuals to get guaranteed and outsized returns from investing in property. The sales pitch highlighted how the government never allowed defaults, so investment was risk free. Just how inaccurate that statement is has been highlighted on several occasions over the last several years.

The decision offers reassurance on “the health of the Credit Suisse non-core portfolio,” Citigroup analysts said in a note. “The early voluntary repayment could potentially also help in other matters, such as negotiating the retention of the Credit Suisse Swiss business.” 

The fate of the Swiss bank has been widely watched as Swiss-based companies and politicians have voiced concerns over the market power that the combined bank would exercise. UBS plans to make a decision in the third quarter on whether it will fully integrate it with its own Swiss unit or seek another option such as spinning it off or listing it publicly.

The Swiss government essentially gifted Credit Suisse to UBS. In so doing they have given the impression that UBS is now too big to fail since it is the only remaining Swiss bank with global heft. Regardless of whether the rump of Credit Suisse is spun off, the dominant position now held by UBS is unassailable within the Swiss market.

For the past four years, WeWork Inc. has been trying to deliver a turnaround story — one in which the rowdy co-working startup transforms into a stable, profitable public company. It sloughed off Adam Neumann, its rambunctious co-founder and former chief executive officer, and replaced him with an industry veteran boasting a reputation of saving troubled real estate companies.

WeWork was not saved, and the co-working company now says there’s “substantial doubt” it will even be able to stay in business.

The New York-based company is bleeding cash, and customers of its office rentals are canceling their memberships in droves, WeWork said in a statement Tuesday. Its shares fell 26% in the first minutes of trading Wednesday morning.

WeWork has looked like a bankruptcy candidate for quite some time. The primary reason it has survived is because its landlords are fearful that the loss of a primary tenant would bring down values in a whole building and contribute to the re-rating of commercial real estate. WeWork has been bargaining hard to renegotiate leases on just that assumption. They have been making the argument landlords would be better getting something rather than nothing. That doesn’t seem to be working any more.

The high-yield bond market is becoming a favorite of companies that once raised cash using leveraged loans, luring borrowers with lower costs and a wealth of investor demand.

US firms have sold $55 billion of secured notes in the junk-bond market so far in 2023, marking a 17% year-over-year increase, according to CreditSights data. It’s the biggest issuance jump in more than a decade — and an indication that companies are replacing floating-rate debt in the wake of the Federal Reserve’s most-aggressive monetary tightening cycle in decades.

“It’s a good way to balance each of these markets off each other, and honestly, a better cost of capital,” said John Cokinos, global head of leveraged finance at RBC Capital Markets. “You can hedge naturally by just having fixed-rate debt.”

The conclusion that now is the time to issue fixed rate debt is an interesting one. It reflects the acceptance of the view that rates are going to stay high indefinitely and are unlikely to contract. The good news for borrowers is they can always refinance when yields decline but that does come with costs. The cheaper option would be to issue floating rate debt today on the expectation rates are unlikely to stay high forever and seek to refinance with fixed rates later.

British home prices fell further last month as borrowing costs held back demand, one of the largest mortgage lenders said, although the rate of decline showed a chance that the market could yet avoid a hard landing.

The Nationwide Building Society said prices fell 3.8% in its July survey from a year ago, quicker than a 3.5% drop in the previous month. While economists expected a slightly larger decline of 4%, it was the third straight month that prices had fallen at their fastest pace since the global financial crisis
in 2009.

The first hard data about July home prices indicate the 13 interest-rate increases from the Bank of England since the end of 2021 have strained consumer’s ability to pay for properties. Values based on Nationwide’s data have fallen about 4.5% since they peaked in August and now average £260,828 ($334,000).

Still, prices have so far avoided the collapse that appeared possible last autumn, when then-Prime Minister Liz Truss’s ill-fated budget sent borrowing costs soaring to 14-year highs. In November, Nationwide warned of a potential 30% drop in prices in a worst-case scenario.

It is well understood that quantitative easing causes asset price inflation. Over the last 15 years, artificially low rates and abundant credit supported concurrent bull markets in bonds, equities, property, crypto and collectibles. It is logical to then conclude that quantitative tightening and higher rates results in asset price disinflation/deflation.

The decision by policymakers to cut rates by a consensus-busting 100bp to 10.25% on Friday made Chile the first major EM to lower its key policy rate since the aggressive post-pandemic tightening cycle across the emerging world. With the economy struggling, a marked improvement in the outlook for inflation encouraged policymakers to get on with the job of reversing past hikes that saw Chile’s policy rate climb from just 0.5% in mid-2021 to a peak of 11.25% in late-2022.

As we noted earlier this year, further steep declines in inflation, led by food, should make space for additional easing in the months ahead.

Who’s next?
Attention now turns to which EM central banks are likely to be the next to start cutting rates. Prior to lowering rates on Friday, the CBC was one of a handful of EM central banks that had already been on pause for longer than usual. Others in that category include Brazil and the Czech Republic, where monetary policy announcements are due this week on Wednesday and Thursday respectively.

Brazil’s central bank is expected to cut by at least 0.25% tomorrow. With a positive real rate in excess of 10% they have ample room to cut rates to support flagging economic activity.

Since several Latin American countries were both early and aggressive in their efforts to tame inflation. The trajectory of their policy offers a picture of what we can expect from countries that were slower to act.

Sunak and his team had downplayed their chances in the three special elections in very different districts, arguing that even winning one would represent a victory given governments are often given a kicking in mid-term votes. The prime minister is eyeing holding the next national vote in November 2024 to allow Britain’s ailing economy as much time as possible to recover, a person familiar with his thinking told Bloomberg. 

Economic data has begun to turn this week with a bigger-than-expected inflation drop, while figures published Friday show government borrowing undershot official forecasts — potentially giving Chancellor of the Exchequer Jeremy Hunt room for tax cuts.

The prime minister told reporters in Uxbridge the Conservatives will take encouragement from the result there, arguing it shows the outcome of the general election “is not a done deal.” 

Byelections are more like referendums on the performance of the government. Holding a staunch conservative seat in the leafy suburbs of London is not a victory compared to the risk of losing the red wall Boris Johnson successfully enticed into the Conservative fold for the first time by appealing to their nationalism.

The Illegal Migration Act of 2023 was announced a couple of days ago and introduced today. It is a bald attempt to court the affections of the converts to the Conservative Party as both parties prepare for an election next year. 

Investors have also been shielded slightly by Europe’s approach to real-estate valuations, which doesn’t take market sentiment into account. With sales largely frozen, there have been few deals to measure the true decline in values. Inflation-linked rent increases have helped as well.

Nonetheless, opportunists are circling, ready to offer expensive new debt to refinance buildings whose owners can’t inject capital. Oaktree and other alternative-finance providers have held talks with Korean asset managers about large loan facilities to let landlords restructure investments, according to a person familiar with the discussions. Oaktree declined to comment.

Funds under pressure to extend the maturity of their borrowings are looking to inject more capital or inviting mezzanine investment rather than dumping assets on the cheap, says Yoon at Savills, who adds that a few have pulled sales. Increasingly, however, owners are following No. 1 Poultry’s path and having another crack at selling after several failed attempts last year — as seen with the rush for the exit in London.

In Seoul, meanwhile, there’s deepening unease about how the endgame will play out for domestic investors. “With overseas commercial real-estate assets declining, there are significant concerns about distress,” says Oh.

In London, a friend signed a seven-year lease for a suite of offices in early 2020 to accommodate 50 people. The rent was £33500 a month. Today half the workforce is gone and the remaining people spend most of their time working from home. Finding a sublet has proven difficult and rents have contracted substantially. Healthy companies can take the hit but those without financial resources will be closer to failure. That’s not good news for the commercial real estate market.

None of this means it’s game over in the fight against price pressures — especially for the Fed, which is widely reckoned to be locked-in to another interest-rate increase later this month. Still, there’s now a better-than-even chance that a July 26 hike, which would take the benchmark US rate to 5.5%, could be the last in quite a while. 

That’s the way markets were betting after Wednesday’s data. Yields on short-term Treasury yields plunged, stocks rose, and the dollar was headed to the lowest in more than a year by one measure – all in anticipation that the Fed might ease up.

‘Coming to End’
“The new data could give the Fed reason to debate whether any further rate hikes after this month are needed,” wrote Ryan Sweet, chief US economist at Oxford Economics. “This tightening cycle by the Fed is likely coming to an end.”

CPI is back inside the pre-pandemic range but the core figure is still at elevated levels. That represents a partial win for the  Federal Reserve. The challenge is regular CPI is supposed to be more prone to volatility than the core figure.

Jerome Powell has stated he is focusing on the core services less housing figure. That has been steady around 4.5% since August 2022 and is the primary data point suggesting inflation is sticky. Nevertheless, traders are betting the July hike will be the last in this cycle. 

Federal Reserve officials struck a tenuous agreement to pause interest-rate increases at their June meeting, all but committing to hike again later this month in a bid to keep fighting stubborn inflation.

The minutes from the Fed’s June 13-14 meeting show that while almost all officials deemed it “appropriate or acceptable” to keep rates unchanged in a 5% to 5.25% target range, some would have supported a quarter-point increase instead. 

“It was a little surprising given that the decision was sold as unanimous from Fed officials,” said Lindsey Piegza, chief economist at Stifel Nicolaus & Co. “It’s pretty clear that there was a divergence of opinions, with some officials pretty clearly giving some reluctance for a one-month pause.”

The likelihood of another hike in July is being priced into the Treasury market. Meanwhile, investors are betting the July hike will be the last because manufacturing data is underwhelming and the tide of higher rates will have a negative effect on consumer behaviour in due course. Student loan debt repayments starting up in October are an additional headwind.

The investment firm also isn’t shying away from putting some of its assets on the block. It’s seeking more than £4 billion in a sale of UK holiday resort chain Center Parcs, according to people familiar with the matter. Brookfield is also exploring the sale of a stake in an iconic office tower in the heart of Dubai’s financial district, Bloomberg News reported this month. 

Brookfield has been hunting for bigger deals after bringing in around $100 billion of fresh money across its various businesses over the past 12 months. It’s been actively raising money for property, infrastructure, private equity and credit strategies in a bid to boost its fee-bearing assets under management to $1 trillion. 

Large investors are becoming more selective on which private equity funds they’ll back, and buyout firms can’t count just on cheap financing or revenue growth to deliver returns any more, according to Brookfield’s Ranjan. 

“You have to generate those returns and create growth through operational improvements,” he said. “As an industry as a whole, we’re back to ‘roll up your sleeves’ private equity.”

Brookfield is alternative investment royalty. It is spoken of in reverential terms among institutional investors and the group’s approach to long-life income producing assets is well respected. That has not helped performance over the last year but it has aided in securing fresh funds for investments. 

Vietnam was one of Asia’s fastest-developing economies last year, expanding more than 8 per cent, its highest growth rate since 1997. But growth slowed in the first quarter of 2023 to 3.3 per cent, down from 5.9 per cent in the fourth quarter of last year, as a grim global economic picture and high inflation cut into demand for the country’s exports.

“We rely on the world’s demand for our products, which is facing a lot of difficulties,” Ho Duc Phoc told the Financial Times, adding that the war in Ukraine had raised petroleum and consumer prices, putting pressure on manufacturing input and trade costs and depressing buyers’ appetite. “Our orders from international partners have reduced drastically.”

He said the government was targeting full-year growth of 6 to 6.5 per cent, following anticipated first-half growth of about 4 per cent. “In the next six months, we will probably have [to take] aggressive steps to achieve that target,” he said, citing an extension of deadlines for tax payments, the reduction of value added tax and petrol levies amid proposals to help lower costs and boost demand.

Vietnam’s central bank this month cut interest rates by 50 basis points, its fourth reduction this year.

Vietnam is a major exporter but not of semiconductors. Since that is a major business for regional economies like South Korea and Taiwan, Vietnam offers a more complete picture of how global demand is shaping up. The slowdown in container pricing offers an additional insight into the trajectory of global demand. It has completely unwound the pandemic spike and is trading back inside the prior range. 

The Nasdaq price action seems to indicate that the top reached on March 29th 2022 (+/- the high of February 2nd) is of significance since on the 16th of June the close was below despite the intraday spike and has been trading below for the past couple of days : is it a short or just a consolidation phase after some short term overbought condition before it roars again? Rates are pausing but QT resumed after the regional bank scare and its liquidity injection - which is equivalent to rate hiking - as well as M2 continuing to decline (I am not sure that the surge in velocity of money is offsetting it). Your thoughts are welcomed.

Thank you for this question, which is relevant today because monetary conditions are tightening, but from extraordinarily loose conditions. For example M2 is contracting for the first time on a year over year basis.

However, that is occurring following an historic surge. Valuations were flattered by that surge and the largest companies have not yet seen any evidence of a reality check.

Velocity of Money has turned upwards which is consistent with an inflationary bias as consumers accelerate buying decisions. The figures are reported quarterly with a one quarter lag so the data reported at the end of Q1 looks at Q4 2022. The simplest logic is the Fed has to continue to reduce the volume of cash available as the velocity of money rises. To combat inflation it will have to remove it faster than velocity is rising. 

Major institutional owners including Blackstone, Brookfield and Pimco have already chosen to stop payments on some buildings because they have better uses for their cash and resources. “There’s significant stress,” says Harold Bordwin, a principal in New York at Keen-Summit Capital Partners LLC, which specializes in renegotiating distressed real estate. “People don’t give up assets so easily unless they just don’t see any hope and they recognize that they’re pretty well underwater.”

The number of transactions is plunging—and when deals do happen, the price declines are stark. In the US, where return-to-office rates have been lower than in Asia and Europe, values for institutional-quality offices are down 27% since March 2022, when interest rates started going up, according to data analytics company Green Street. Apartment building prices have declined 21%, and malls are off 18%. Office prices are expected to fall more than 25% in Europe and almost 13% in the Asia-Pacific region before hitting a trough, PGIM Real Estate, a unit of Prudential Financial Inc., forecasts.

The work from home trend coupled with sharply higher interest rates is a bad recipe for the commercial real estate sector. It is true that all property markets are local and trophy properties are more likely to thrive than others. However, the bigger question is who owns commercial properties? 

Here are key takeaways from the Federal Reserve's interest-rate decision and statement on Wednesday:

Federal Open Market Committee unanimously holds benchmark rate in target range of 5%- 5.25%, as expected, in first pause since starting cycle of increases in early 2022, to “assess additional information and its implications for monetary policy”
New projections show policymakers favor a half-point of additional increases this year, which would push borrowing costs to about 5.6% -- higher than most economists and investors have been expecting
FOMC statement gives clear signal that policymakers will resume tightening by referring to the “extent of additional policy firming that may be appropriate”; prior statement, in May, gave more leeway on whether to hike
Forecasts for economic growth and core inflation rose for 2023, while unemployment projections fell
Fed says economy has expanded at modest pace with robust job gains and low unemployment; inflation remains “elevated”

At Jerome Powell’s press conference he said two important things. The first is they will do whatever is necessary to bring inflation back to 2% on the PCE. The second is that some “below trend growth and higher unemployment” will be required to achieve that goal. The best of all possible worlds is that can be achieved without causing a recession. Unfortunately, that is not a likely scenario given the history of such attempts. 

The new stimulus package under consideration has been drafted by multiple government agencies and includes at least a dozen measures designed to support areas such as real estate and domestic demand, according to people familiar with the matter. 

A key component is support for the real estate market. Regulators are seeking to lower costs on outstanding residential mortgages and boosting relending through the nation’s policy banks to ensure homes are delivered, one of the people said.

The State Council may discuss the policies as soon as this Friday but it’s unclear when they will be announced or implemented, the people said.

“The aim of stimulus this time is to keep growth ticking over, consistent with the relatively conservative ‘about 5%’ gross domestic product growth goal, rather than to spur a round of robust growth,” said Duncan Wrigley, chief China economist at Pantheon Macroeconomics. “Policymakers are still wary of repeating the kind of debt hangover that the Global Financial Crisis stimulus produced and they spent the decade up to the pandemic trying to sort out.”

Property Woes
The weak property market remains a major drag on China’s economy, although policymakers appear reluctant to use its old playbook of driving up investment in real estate as a way to boost growth. Goldman analysts said in a recent report they don’t expect a repeat of the 2015-2018 shantytown renovation program that pumped central bank money into the property sector and sent home price surging.

Beijing is seeking to reduce the economic and fiscal reliance on the housing market, Goldman said, which suggests an L-shaped recovery in coming years.

The old playbook is whenever a problem arises, governments and central banks will open the sluice gates of liquidity to make it go away. In the 15 years since the global financial crisis that has been the mantra every investor has learned to live by. The belief nothing has really changed is the primary reason for bullishness on Wall Street today. 

OUR TAKE: The surge in jobless claims — to the highest level since October 2021 — is in line with our analysis of WARN notices, which suggested layoffs were set to spike. It’s increasingly feasible for the unemployment rate to reach the median FOMC participant’s 4.5% projection by year-end.

Initial jobless claims for the week ended June 3 increased 28k to 261k. The reading was above the consensus (235k) and Bloomberg Economics’ projection (240k).

The surge came from Ohio (6.3k), California (5.2k), Minnesota (2.7k) and Pennsylvania (2.0k).

Given recent fraudulent applications in Massachusetts, it’s possible that other states are experiencing similar issues. However, the four-week moving average also increased by 7.5k to 237k, well above the 218k pre-pandemic average from 2019. That suggests labor-market conditions are continuing to cool.

Continuing claims declined 37k to 1,757k for the week ended May 27, remaining above the pre-pandemic average of 1,699k. The insured unemployment rate — the number of people currently receiving unemployment insurance as a percentage of the labor force — remained at 1.2%.
We expect continuing claims to move higher given the surge in initial claims and tracking of WARN notices.

The pandemic introduced a massive spike into jobless data so the only way to get a viable chart is to cut it out. The most important historical fact is a move above 250,000 was a breakout in 2020 and is a base formation completion now too. Ahead of a decade of QE, a break above 400,000 was required to signal trouble. That also helps to highlight how the economy has been running with little spare labour margin for most of the last decade.

The Treasury market briefly restored the full pricing of Federal Reserve tightening by July, which would be the last interest-rate hike in 2023.

The latest shift in expectations for Fed policy was accompanied by a slide bonds, with the yields on five-year Treasuries up at least 11 basis points. Selling picked up after the Bank of Canada cited stubborn inflation pressures for delivering a quarter-point hike Wednesday. 

The rate on swap contracts linked to the July gathering climbed to a peak of 5.33% on Wednesday, or 25 basis points above the current effective fed funds rate of 5.08%, before easing back late in New York. The June swap showed eight basis points of tightening ahead of next week’s Fed meeting, suggesting that traders are leaning in favor of a tightening pause.

The cost of servicing an average mortgage has jumped from $1500 to $3000 since 2020. Where is the average family going to come up with that extra $1500 a month? That’s one of the primary drivers of inflation and it is far from the only one. Insurance costs have also been rising by double digits over the last couple of years. 

Wells Fargo & Co. Chief Executive Office Charlie Scharf said there are significant risks to segments of the US office sector and that his bank will see losses stemming from real estate loans.

“We look city by city, we look property by property to look at our exposures, and I would say there’s no question that there will be losses,” Scharf said Wednesday at a conference hosted by AllianceBernstein Holding LP. The San Francisco-based bank is proactively managing its loan portfolio and working with borrowers to restructure terms with the goal of helping clients and minimizing risk, he said. 

Many office owners are struggling amid the rise in remote work and the surge in borrowing costs, which has made financing more difficult. Landlords such as Columbia Property Trust, owned by funds managed by Pacific Investment Management Co., have defaulted on office debt, often in a bid to renegotiate terms with lenders. Brookfield Corp. recently handed over control of a building in downtown Los Angeles to a receiver after it stopped payments on the office tower.

“If you’re reserving conservatively, then you’ve derisked the financial impact to the company,” Scharf said, noting that Wells Fargo has a little less than 6% reserve coverage in its office portfolio. “In the context of the overall portfolio and the overall size of our loan portfolio in the company, we’re not overly concentrated in office.”

I was speaking with a friend in San Francisco recently who related the story of a major landmark office building. The building had leased at $1000 a square foot before the pandemic. Today it is vacant despite rates having fallen to $200 and there is speculation it will eventually lease for $100. The cost of retrofitting the building to make it residential is $750 and the cost to knock it and completely rebuild is also $750. That’s a white elephant project no one is going to touch and it is only one example. 

By 2050, the UK’s Environment Agency expects the gap between available water and what’s needed by homes and businesses to reach 4 billion liters per day in England — enough to fill 1,600 Olympic size swimming pools. Leaks are part of the picture, but so is a neglected network, some of which was built more than 150 years ago, that doesn’t store enough for times of drought, and water consumption that outstrips many other parts of Europe.

The crisis has become a national obsession. The public is furious with a privatized English water industry that has paid out millions to executives and shareholders while failing to keep pace with population growth and climate pressures, and the government and regulators that have allowed it to happen. As well as the threat of water shortages, underdeveloped pipes and treatment plants mean raw sewage is frequently dumped in rivers and the sea, causing environmental damage.

Now, after years of delays, the UK is racing to fix its broken water system before it’s too late. “The worst risk has not materialized yet,” says Jim Hall, a professor of climate and environmental risk at Oxford University and a member of the government’s official infrastructure adviser. “There is some sense until now that we’ve got away with it,” he says, but “a severe and prolonged drought could materialize at any time.”

The population of Greater London declined between the 1950s and early 1980s but then jumped around 50% over the last forty years. There was no incentive to invest in water infrastructure during a time of declining population growth and it takes a long time for institutional mindsets to change. Today, there is urgency to the investment case because urgent remedial action in both storage and usage are necessary. 

Mounting rate-hike expectations have pushed short-term yields up relative to longer-term ones, flattening the Treasury curve. The flattening continued Tuesday as yields declined, briefly pushing 30-year yields below the five-year for the first time since March.

The trend has temporary support from Wednesday’s month-end bond index rebalancing, which may create demand for the long-maturity Treasuries created during the month in quarterly auctions. 

Later this week, Friday’s release of US labor market data for May has the potential to alter expectations for Fed policy. Job creation exceeded economists’ median estimate in April and each of the previous 12 months. However Fed officials in their public comments have been divided on how to balance an anti-inflationary stance with the possibility that the central bank’s 10 rate increases totaling 5 percentage points in the past 14 months warrant a pause in June.

The deal announced over the weekend relies on capping spending and growing defense spending below the rate of inflation. The headline impact will be to grow the national debt less quickly. That is supporting Treasury prices today. 

But the latest swing higher in real yields shows that in spite of fraught debt-ceiling negotiations, the world’s biggest bond market senses another jolt of policy tightening and an extended period of staying on hold may be warranted. A similar outlook is being echoed in the swaps market, with traders almost fully pricing in a quarter-point hike within the next two policy meetings.

That view has found support in recent data pointing to a resilient US economy and sticky inflation. A report on Friday showed the inflation rate for US personal spending on items excluding food and energy running firmer than forecast at an annual pace of 4.7% in April. That comes amid upside surprises in UK and European inflation numbers, reminders that central banks may have more work to do and bond yields may keep climbing. 
 

PCE inflation, the trimmed kind followed by economists who don’t like volatile real life data, surprised on the upside today. That is a mirror of the UK result earlier this week. It suggests the primary sources of inflation are now services and shelter. The sources of inflation which can be influenced by interest rates are already subsiding. For example food prices are now contracting. 

Treasury-bill yields slated to mature early next month surged, driving them above 7% amid building concern that talks in Washington will fail to resolve the debt-ceiling crisis and the US might default.

The rate on the June 1 and June 6 maturities soared more than a percentage point on the day, while others for early June also climbed sharply. By comparison, the earliest June tenors yield around 4 percentage points above the May 30 issue. 

The Fed minutes reflected a split decision between hiking and holding rates. They are not talking about cutting rates but they seldom do until they are actually doing it. The next question is how quickly a deal on the debt ceiling will be made. 

A temporary slowdown in inflation may give Egypt’s MPC room to pause, especially after Governor Hassan Abdalla signaled higher interest rates are doing little to cool prices.

The central bank “is likely to remain data-led, and will see declining global commodity prices and a reduction in domestic inflation as supportive of their current monetary stance,” said Farouk Soussa, an economist at Goldman Sachs Group Inc. The monetary authority sees inflationary pressures stoked mainly by supply issues, “reducing the rationale for a further hike in the medium term,” he said.

Emerging markets have no choice but to aggressively hike rates when inflation surges. They don’t have deep domestic capital markets and rely on offering a real rate of return to attract inward investment. Egypt’s year over year inflation has probably peaked at around 30% but with overnight rates closer to 18%, there are still sharply negative real rates. That’s the primary reason for the downtrend in the Egyptian Pound. 

President Joe Biden expressed confidence that negotiators would reach an agreement to avoid a catastrophic default, even as House Speaker Kevin McCarthy criticized his decision to travel to Japan for an international summit.

“I’m confident that we’ll get the agreement on the budget and that America will not default,” Biden said Wednesday at the White House, shortly before departing to Hiroshima, Japan for a Group of Seven leaders summit.

On Capitol Hill, McCarthy and other Republican lawmakers criticized Biden for his decision to travel, with the House speaker labeling the president “a big obstacle” to an agreement.

“Mr. President, stop hiding, stop traveling,” McCarthy said.

On Tuesday, Biden and congressional leaders agreed to a new narrower round of staff-level talks with hopes of reaching a bipartisan deal to avoid an unprecedented US default. The US president also announced he was canceling planned stops in Australia and Papua New Guinea, and would return to Washington by the beginning of next week for continued negotiations.

The decision to attend the G7 meeting is a clear signal there are more important issues at stake than the inward facing decision about how spending and taxing priorities are apportioned. Holding the sovereign debt market to ransom is not the most productive use of anyone’s time but at least it ensures there is a discussion about the trajectory and sustainability of the national debt and obligations. 

Codelco’s production is down by about a fifth from only six years ago. After a double-digit-percentage drop in 2022, it’s expected to fall as much as 7% this year, to 1.35 million metric tons.

Ore quality is deteriorating around the world as existing deposits are depleted and new ones are more difficult and costly to develop. “There’s no easy mining left—not in Chile nor the rest of the world,” said Sougarret at a shareholders meeting on May 2.

Because Codelco is the world’s biggest copper supplier, its production wobbles have greater impact on a market where warehouse inventories are near their lowest levels in 18 years. The company’s travails also have tremendous impact on Chile’s economy: Copper accounts for more than half of the country’s exports and a significant share of the government’s income. President Gabriel Boric’s administration is budgeting a 40% drop in tax revenue from Codelco in 2023 at a time when it’s trying to boost social spending.

When the world is having difficulty sustaining production of a key commodity, it is reasonable to expect prices to rise. That’s generally the best way to attract the risk capital required to bring new supply online. It will not have escaped the notice of traders that copper prices are falling. That suggests one should be more concerned with demand than supply. 

The US dollar is on pace for its biggest rise in nearly two months as concerns about a slowing US economy, hawkish policy messaging, a US debt-ceiling standoff and the solvency of regional banks supported havens. The pound fell after the Bank of England lifted its policy rate 25 basis points and indicated more hikes may be required to slow inflation.

The dollar firmed today as more of risk-off move than any other factor. When investors seek the haven of cash they end up holding dollars. Bond yields also compressed as some of that cash was redeployed in the expectation that during a recession, inflationary pressures are likely to go into reverse. 

“Unfortunately, the negative sentiment is dragging down the real estate sector more broadly,” the firm’s president, Connor Teskey, told investors during an earnings call Wednesday. “We think that’s completely unfair.” 

The Brookfield group is one of the world’s largest owners of prime office properties, with a portfolio that includes New York’s Manhattan West and London’s Canary Wharf. Office landlords in major cities around the world are being squeezed by a combination of higher borrowing costs and lower occupancy, as many companies continue to allow employees to work from home at least part of the time. 

Brookfield Asset’s parent company has defaulted on mortgages covering more than a dozen office buildings, mostly in Los Angeles and around Washington.

The property market is “bifurcated” as high-quality assets perform well and lower-quality assets struggle, Teskey said on the call. 

 

The durability of the work from home phenomenon will be tested by the upcoming recession. I’ve been working from home since 2007 and I can attest the better description is you live at work. However, the experience of entrepreneurial people versus those simply marking time is very different.  Flexible time arrangements are not appropriate for every position. Efficiency metrics will quickly be developed to decide whether the cost of a large office building is outweighed by the productivity gain for happier more flexible workers. 

US officials are coordinating talks to rescue First Republic, with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., the Treasury Department and Federal Reserve orchestrating meetings about throwing a lifeline, Reuters reported, citing unidentified people. 

But some of the biggest US banks, which have already contributed $30 billion in deposits to prop up First Republic, have balked at getting more involved and potentially throwing good money after bad, Bloomberg News reported. 

The focus has shifted to a US takeover, according to CNBC. For its part, First Republic has acknowledged it’s engaged in discussions with multiple parties about strategic options.

It is very likely today is First Republic’s last day of active trading. Trading was halted on several occasions today as the stock plunged anew. By the end of the weekend a deal will have been completed for a large bank like JPMorgan to take it over. 

The outlook depends largely on the resiliency of the job market. Low unemployment and persistent wage gains have so far allowed consumers to weather high inflation and keep spending.

The personal consumption expenditures price index grew at an 4.2% annualized pace in the January to March period. Excluding food and energy, the index rose 4.9%, faster than forecast and the most in a year. March data will be released Friday. Services inflation remained hot while prices of non-durable goods accelerated.

The inflation and consumer spending figures likely keep the Fed on track to raise interest rates by a quarter percentage point next week. First Republic Bank’s continuing struggles, however, do raise the possibility that the central bank could pause.

Consumer demand surged in the early part of the first quarter and eased back in the later part of the quarter. At the same time economic growth eased and inflation increased. 

Aggregate hours worked in the private sector declined in February and declined again in March. Last week we walked through why we estimate the labor market has come back into alignment over the course of the last year. We also note that for all the talk of labor hoarding, filings of initial claims for unemployment insurance over the last four weeks have run higher than all of 2019 and most of 2018. Layoff announcements have been running above the post-GFC pace. Clearly some employers are laying off.

In our economic baseline, we assume the labor market carves out a peak this summer, and we pencilled in the July employment report as the time we expect the first negative payroll print. We'll see. However, our empirical models are moving that way. In the recent compendium (on page 17 at this link) , a leading indicator model developed by UBS's Pierre Lafourcade noted that a rising share were in contraction (defined as having passed a cyclical peak), and the same for a broader set of employment indicators that reflect labor market conditions.

"Historically, once roughly 50% of all series contract, payrolls go negative (which is intuitive), but it's the leading indicator bucket that tells you when that is likely to happen (it shoots up from 40% to 80% of series contracting in just a few months). The upshot is that while private non-farm employment is still growing, an increasing share of the underlying dynamics is turning sour," he wrote in the compendium in late March.

The big question for all investors is the rationale for raising rates. The answer to that question will inform the decision on how much they will cut rates during a downturn and how long rates will stay down before tightening resumes.

I see four scenarios: 

However, lower risk in emerging markets isn’t just a China story. Fundamentals have also improved more broadly. Over the past 20 years, per capita GDP in emerging markets has roughly doubled as a share of developed markets (Exhibit 5, left side). Measures of external vulnerabilities have also improved from their periods of peak fragility in the 1980s and 1990s. Current account balances in emerging markets are now positive in aggregate, and measures of external debt sustainability (e.g., external debt as a percentage of exports) look much healthier (Exhibit 5, right side).

Bottom line: there are many reasons to believe that the relatively attractive valuations found in emerging markets represent a 5-10 year opportunity. In other words, the current expected premium is likely due to these markets being relatively underpriced, as opposed to representing compensation for assuming meaningfully greater portfolio risk.

The technology sector is a bet on the future and as such it is a long duration asset. When rates are low and credit is abundant, the penalty for taking long-term bets declines and the allure of those assets is boosted. Cashflows, valuations and sustainability are only truly relevant when there is a discount rate to compare them to. Another way of thinking about it is expected returns tend to fall when bond yields are high. In order to surmount the hurdle rate of money market funds, fundamentals and valuations matter. 

What is FedNow?
FedNow is an instant payments system—a sort of update to Fedwire and the Automated Clearinghouse (ACH). Individuals will not have direct access to FedNow, but they will have access to faster payments so long as their bank or credit union opts into the FedNow network. Although creating FedNow was not necessary to achieve faster payments, one big difference with FedNow will be that payments will no longer be held up on weekends, holidays, or after traditional business hours.
FedNow is Not a CBDC
Astute eyes will likely recognize that FedNow does vaguely resemble a wholesale CBDC. Where a wholesale CBDC would be restricted to financial institutions for use during interbank settlement, FedNow would also be restricted to financial institutions. The difference, however, lies in their design. Where a CBDC is a currency, FedNow is a payment rail. If we think of dollars and cents as water, then FedNow is the plumbing that gets those dollars and cents where they need to go. In contrast, a CBDC would involve replacing the water itself in this analogy.

Under the current system, interbank settlement is performed on the Federal Reserve’s payment rails, thus ultimately affecting retail banking customers’ settlement times. It’s for this reason that Federal Reserve Governor Michelle Bowman said, “My expectation is that FedNow addresses the issues that some have raised about the need for a CBDC.” This statement should not be misunderstood to say that FedNow will take CBDCs off the table, but it does show that the Federal Reserve itself sees FedNow and CBDCs as distinctly different.

There are many ways the Fed could speed up payments and transactions across the economy. Afterall, the USA is still somewhere cheques are commonplace. However, I think the reason they chose to use the FedNow protocol is to blunt the thrust of the digital currency movement. 

So that’s where we are at the minute. I think they’re rushing round trying to do something piece-by-piece. I suspect that in the last-, since the blowout of gilt yields, I see a moving hand here, rather than someone playing whack-a-mole. I see a government, increasingly, that they’re somewhere in there, whether it’s in the treasury of somewhere else, that realises the direction of travel has to be financial repression. So, I think the best example of that in the UK is, I don’t know if he’s passed it yet, but Rishi Sunak was looked for the power to overhaul all our financial regulators to push that power into the hands of the prime minister. The question is why? As chancellor of the exchequer, this is not a power that he sought.

So, I think people are beginning to realise that, yes, you can go round and whack-a-mole, so it’s happening anyway, but there could come a time where we have to something more aggressive. For me, it’s pretty obvious what that aggressive is, which is forcing savings institutions to buy government bonds. That’s the core of a financial repression. We haven’t taken that giant leap yet, but I think since the crisis in the gilt market, there is evidence I think, that someone realises that that is where we might end up and they’re preparing to have to take that leap. To stress this is not a UK problem, it’s the entire developed world and actually, Japan might have to go first in terms of that major jump.

Inflation running well above the prevailing interest rate for a prolonged period will improve government debt to GDP ratios. The caveat is the total debt cannot simultaneously continue to accelerate higher. That’s the route to hyperinflation. Therefore financial repression works by changing the weightings of where credit is created and pushes the burden from the public sector back onto the private sector. 

Ether's dominance rate remains stagnant between 19% and 20%. That compares with a rise to 21% from 14% in the weeks before a software upgrade last September known as the Merge. That technological overhaul replaced Ethereum's at-the-time energy-intensive proof-of-work mechanism of verifying transactions with a proof-of-stake system and set the stage for Shanghai. Staking involves depositing coins in the blockchain to boost the network's security and verify transactions in return for rewards.

Investor caution in pricing ether ahead of Shanghai stems from several factors, including concerns tokens unlocked after the upgrade will flood the market and regulatory issues.

"The Shanghai upgrade will unlock over 18 million ether staked since late 2020. The market is worried that the unlocking may bring about a sell-off, causing uncertainty in the market," Griffin Ardern, a volatility trader at crypto asset-management firm Blofin, told CoinDesk.

Ethereum has been lagging bitcoin for the last couple of months as traders price in the risk of additional supply coming back onto the market. However, that does not explain why bitcoin is breaking out to new recovery highs. 

Blackstone Inc. has closed on its largest global property drawdown fund, targeting opportunistic deals across sectors such as rental housing, hospitality and data centers. 

The company secured $30.4 billion of total capital commitments for the fund, called Blackstone Real Estate Partners X, according to a statement Tuesday. Blackstone’s latest fund is the largest of that type, according to PitchBook data going back to 2002.

The real estate market has come under pressure over the past year due to a pullback across commercial-property lending, as borrowing costs skyrocketed. At the same time, the stocks of public real estate investment trusts have also suffered amid the uncertainty in the market and increasing concerns about certain property types such as offices. 

“Pullback with all forms of capital will create opportunities,” said Kathleen McCarthy, global co-head of Blackstone Real Estate. “We can use our capital and expertise to capitalize on the moment for our investors.”

Blackstone’s latest fundraising helps cement the private equity firm’s status as a powerhouse in the real estate market. Blackstone’s real estate business, which started in 1991, now has $326 billion of investor capital under management.

The vintage of property funds is likely to be a major conversation piece over the next few years. Those that closed on purchases between 2019 and 2022 in commercial real estate paid top prices and will be sitting on implied and real losses for years. They are in much the same position as investors that bought bonds with negative yields. 

China’s dominance is underlined further by the fact that it is a key trade partner for the commodity exporters, which have industrial cycles that clearly track the ebb and flow of the Chinese credit cycle. And after the attack on Ukraine, China’s financial influence over isolated Russia has risen further.

It is obvious but Chinese strategic interests are not especially aligned with those of the other countries. One of China’s priorities is finding somewhere to park its external surpluses beyond the reach of the US Office of Foreign Assets Control and finding stores of value other than US Treasuries. While none of the other four Brics members can provide liquid assets, they can provide investment opportunities especially in raw materials. As with the Belt and Road Initiative, Chinese authorities prefer to have control in such matters.

Russia and the gulf energy exporters prefer to accumulate “rainy day” sovereign wealth funds away from the US. However, the alternative to the US is not a diversified group of growing countries, but essentially one country — China — with a vast thirst for energy and other raw materials.

So not only are there practical challenges in a common Brics currency. In seeking one to challenge US hegemony in foreign exchange, the non-Chinese members of countries of the group may just increase their dependence on Beijing.

During the Global Financial Crisis of 2008, the US took the decision to debase the currency in service to avoiding a depression. Money supply exploded and purchasing power of the dollar collapsed as asset prices leaped higher. Like any major event, there are both positive and negative outcomes. An even more severe economic decline was avoided. The downside was political populism has gained a foothold in many countries and the USA’s creditors became suspicious that they are no longer willing to take the hard decisions necessary to support the value of the currency. 

The group’s index of new orders at service providers dropped more than 10 points to a three-month low of 52.2. While still consistent with expansion, the scale of the drop suggests a significant slowing in the pace of bookings growth. The business activity measure, which mirrors the ISM’s factory production index, slipped to 55.4.

“There has been a pullback in the rate of growth for the services sector, attributed mainly to a cooling off in the new orders growth rate, an employment environment that varies by industry and continued improvements in capacity and logistics,” Anthony Nieves, chair of the ISM Services Business Survey Committee, said in a statement.

The pandemic shutdown represented a massive dislocation which pulled the pendulum of demand into sharply negative territory. Massive fiscal and monetary stimulus was implemented to revive. That ensured when demand recovered, it swung to an extreme level in the opposite direction. Like any pendulum there are several swings to less extreme amplitudes, before it settles back to equilibrium. 

Treasury 10-year note futures spike to fresh session highs after February JOLTS job openings declined more than estimated with January revised lower. At the same time February factory orders missed estimates for headline and ex-transport readings. 

US 10-year yields flip to richer on the day into the move as 10-year futures top at 115-28, with around 60k 10-year note contracts changing hands over 3-minute period

Belly- and front-end-led gains steepen 2s10s, 5s30s spreads onto session wides, higher by 7bp and 4bp on the day

Fed-dated OIS for May meeting drops to around 15bp of additional hikes priced, giving up around 5bp of hike premium in the aftermath of the data

Job openings are down two million in the last 15 months. It is arguable how much predicative power the jobs openings have primarily because it is a relatively new data series and there are questions about how the number reflects conditions on the ground. However, there is no dispute a top is in place and the number is trending lower. It stands to reason that job openings should be a lead indicator for decisions on firing workers since it should be a lead indicator. Afterall most firms stop hiring before they fire workers. 

The US’s largest car insurer, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., reported a $13.4 billion (!) underwriting loss last year, the largest shortfall in its 100-year history; Allstate Corp.’s auto-insurance underwriting loss was $3 billion, while Berkshire Hathaway Inc.’s Geico car-insurance unit lost $1.9 billion.

In the UK, Direct Line Insurance Group Plc’s chief executive departed in January after mounting losses at the motor division forced it to scrap its dividend. The stock has declined more than 50% in the past year.

These woeful results have shaken confidence in the industry’s purported ability to assess risk and forecast accurately. Insurers are belatedly hiking premiums, though often not as quickly as they’d like. Customers who drive Range Rovers and other vehicles prized by thieves, may struggle to get coverage at all.

Soaring used-car prices are the proximate cause of insurers’ woes – a textbook example of how supply chain upheaval can cascade through the economy. Historically, vehicles were a depreciating asset, but suddenly the cost of replacing a stolen or damaged vehicle was far more than insurers had calculated.

The insurance sector is not in the habit of sustaining losses on underwriting so premiums are most assuredly going up. That’s true of every area of the insurance business and not only automotive rates. Everything from commercial, to health to cyber rates are rising.

This news struck me as interesting because it follows hot on the heels of Piguet Ademar’s issuing a replacement guarantee on any high end watches bought over the last couple of years. The threat of theft has growth so high it is impacting sales of their timepieces. 

The announcement came during a Brazil-China business forum in Beijing on Wednesday in which government officials and company executives from both sides discussed trade and investment opportunities. Much of Brazil’s agricultural and mineral products are shipped to the Asian nation.

Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva was due to be in China for an official state visit this week, but was forced to postpone after he was hospitalized with pneumonia.  

China and Brazil also agreed to settle trade in their own currencies, without the need of an intermediary currency like the US dollar, according to a statement from the Brazilian Trade and Investment Promotion Agency. The expectation is to reduce the costs of commercial transactions with the direct exchange between Brazilian reais and yuan.

Tatiana Rosito, Brazil’s Secretary of International Affairs at the Finance Ministry, says the goal is to boost liquidity of the Chinese currency, giving options to investors and traders.

“It’s not a game changer in relation to the impact on short-term trade, but it has the potential to expand transactions and familiarize agents” with transactions in yuan, she said in a telephone interview.

The entire global financial sector is built on trust. It is logical for countries trading with one another to accept their respective currencies in exchange for goods and services. The reason it is not commonplace is because currencies are volatile and bilateral relationships have no fallback if one of the party’s proves unreliable. 

This year’s survey, however, collected information on $400 billion of bank-held commercial and multifamily mortgages—23 percent of the outstanding universe. Using this year’s survey results, for the first time we are expanding our loan maturity analysis to include an estimate of the maturity profile of all commercial and multifamily mortgages—including the more than $1.7 trillion on bank balance sheets.

The analysis estimates that of approximately $4.4 trillion of outstanding commercial/multifamily mortgages, $728 billion (16%) matures in 2023 with another $659 billion (15%) maturing in 2024. Hotels/motels see the largest share maturing in 2023 (34%) followed by office (25%). Multifamily is the property type with the smallest share of outstanding mortgage maturing this year (9%).

Among capital sources, 26 percent of the outstanding balance of loans held by credit companies and other investor-driven lenders will mature this year, as will 23 percent of the balances held by depositories and 22 percent held in CMBS. Only 7 percent of life company loans and 2 percent of GSE/FHA loans come due this year.

The high yield corporate sector used the pandemic to refinance. The maturity of that part of the debt market is now a lot closer to the end of the decade. Commercial real estate did not have that opportunity because vacancy rates were so high, no one was willing to throw money at them. 

Sweden has long fallen short on its constitutional pledge to provide an affordable place to live for all of its 10.4 million people, but until recently that was masked by the growing economy which had helped disguise flaws in the system. 

The shortage of affordable accommodation is hitting recruitment. The Stockholm Chamber of Commerce reported last year that three out of four heads of human resources said the housing situation was making it harder for their firms to hire new staff. 

Rents are negotiated annually by landlords and the tenants association. Advocates say the system helps create a rental market in Stockholm where teachers, police officers, street cleaners and other public sector workers can afford to live alongside bankers, software developers and government officials. Yet supply hasn’t kept up with demand for decades. Average waiting times for a rent-controlled apartment is now 9.2 years, but can stretch up to 20 years in some parts of the capital.

Socialism’s only hope of functioning is to ensure the cost of living never rises. That means creating a social contract where the only means of generating personal wealth is through ingenuity and productivity. It’s a high bar and apparently unachievable for long. 

Fund managers are also concerned. A systemic credit event poses the biggest threat to global markets, and the most likely source of one is US shadow banking, according to a survey of investors published last week by Bank of America Corp.

The US government’s top financial regulators signaled in February that they would consider whether any nonbank firms merit tougher oversight as systemically important institutions. 

The Financial Stability Oversight Council will put “nonbank financial intermediation” back on the table as a priority for 2023, according to a statement from the Treasury Department. The Federal Reserve, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. and the Financial Stability Board declined to comment for this story. 

European Central Bank Vice President Luis de Guindos warned in an interview with Business Post published on the ECB website Sunday that nonbanks “took a lot of risks” during the era of low interest rates and potential vulnerabilities “can come to the surface” as monetary policy changes. 

It has been my view for at least the last 2 years that the epicentre of risk resides in private markets. What does that mean? It was where leverage was focused in the bull market and where valuations have increased the most. It is therefore the most likely to experience stress as liquidity tightens. Trouble within the sector is also likely to be the catalyst for central bank easing as they move to forestall the risk of a deep recession. 

Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen will convene a meeting of the Financial Stability Oversight Council Friday.

FSOC comprises the heads of the nation's top financial regulators, and was created in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis to enable the government to coordinate efforts at combating systemic risks to the U.S. economy.

The announcement comes amid concerns over the health of the banking sector following the recent failures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank.

The uncertainty is being felt overseas as well with shares of Germany's Deutsche Bank (DBK.XE) slumping as its credit default swaps widened.

Financial sector equities (XLF) were under pressure Friday, ranking as the worst performing sector in the S&P 500 in morning trade.

The Plunge Protection Team is convening so the monetary and fiscal authorities are fully aware of the $1.7 trillion in unrealised losses in the US banking sector. The simple fact is anyone who bought long-dated bonds between 2019 and 2022 is sitting on fat losses. 

“What’s changed in the last few weeks is the credit markets,” said Rich Hill, chief of real estate strategy research at Cohen & Steers Capital Management Inc. “It went from a story of work-from-home and the impact on occupancy and the lack of rent growth to also the compounding of tighter financial conditions given everything happening with banks.”

Fears of tighter credit are adding to risks for offices that have been building for some time, Green Street analysts wrote in a Tuesday report. Hedge fund manager Jim Chanos, Marathon Asset Management and Polpo Capital Management founder Daniel McNamara are among those who have been betting for months that landlords will struggle to lure staff back to workplaces. 

“This regional banking crisis is just throwing fuel on the fire,” McNamara said in a telephone interview. “I just don’t see a way out of this without a lot of pain in the office sector.” 

Commercial real estate is a massive and highly diversified sector that forms the basis for most alternative asset portfolios. That’s because it is the only asset class large enough to absorb the flow of cash out of conventional assets when yields were too low to meet pension and institutional return requirements. 

“As we keep on telling our LPs, we are not alternative anymore,” said Lockhead. “Every deal that gets done, private credit is in the mix.”

Regulatory arbitrage is one of the commonest ways new financial sector solutions thrive. For example, Alibaba circumvented China’s wide difference between the lending and deposit rate by going direct to consumers via the internet and created Ant Financial. When regulators felt threatened by the company they move to contain its growth.

The fintech sector is attempting to carve a piece out of traditional banking operations by going online and direct to consumer via mobile apps. Companies like Block and PayPal avoid banking regulation but offer credit services in the same ways as credit card companies.

The cryptocurrency sector is primarily aimed at further disrupting the payments and international transfer market.

Private lending and private equity more generally thrived in a falling interest rate environment because asset prices of all varieties rose. Active markets were created in everything from businesses to fine wine and whiskey.  

Hardly. The world’s population of people aged 60 years and older is expected to double by 2050, according to the World Health Organization, while fertility rates are in long-term decline. The financial strain is challenging old-age support systems and leaving many countries facing tough choices about raising the age of retirement, cutting benefits or lifting taxes. Pension shortfalls will be the equivalent of about 23% of world output by 2050, the Group of 30 consultancy estimated. One key measure is the old-age dependency ratio — the number of older people compared to the population that is working age. In Europe and North America, that ratio will be about 50 per 100 by 2050, according to UN forecasts, a rise from 30 per 100 in 2019. In short, we’re on a trajectory toward a smaller share of people paying taxes and a higher proportion drawing pensions. By 2035, the basic US system known as Social Security will no longer be able to cover payments, forcing a 20% reduction in benefits, according to its trustees. 

Very few people are keen on the idea of working more than they have to. That has been one of the primary selling points of union negotiators for decades. You might not like your job, but we’ll make sure you are looked after in your (lengthy) retirement. With union workers negotiating favourable terms, government pensions have also become more generous. 

“We are committed to restoring price stability, and all of the evidence says that the public has confidence that we will do so,” Chair Jerome Powell said at a press conference following the Fed’s two-day meeting. “It is important that we sustain that confidence with our actions as well as our words.”

Officials are prepared to raise rates higher if needed, he said.

Powell also emphasized the US banking system is sound and resilient, reiterating what officials said in their post-meeting statement, and said the agency is prepared to use all of its tools to maintain stability.

He also acknowledged recent banking turmoil is “likely to result in tighter credit conditions for households and businesses, which would in turn affect economic outcomes,” but added, “It’s too soon to tell how monetary policy should respond.”

Fed policymakers projected rates would end 2023 at about 5.1%, unchanged from their median estimate from the last round of forecasts in December. The median 2024 projection rose to 4.3% from 4.1%.

The Fed raised rates as expected and left the door open to hiking further. The bond market continues to expect rate cuts before the end of the year. That implies inflationary pressures are expected to contract significantly this year. That entails higher unemployment and a recession risk. 

Good morning, Eoin I hope you and yours are well. I am considering baby steps into Bitcoin ownership. I would welcome any guidance you may have. Particularly, where best to purchase and how to hold/protect. Many thanks for the excellent ongoing guidance.

Thank you for this question which may be of interest. At present, the safest way to hold bitcoin is in a cold storage wallet. Then you must ensure that it is kept somewhere safe. The second best option is a fund like the Grayscale Bitcoin Trust which has done a reasonable job of tracking the price. The last would be to buy bitcoin miners which offer leverage to the price. 

A link to the full report is posted in the Subcsriber's Area. 

Crisis-era swap lines were reopened over the weekend to ensure Europe has sufficient liquidity to deal with its unfolding banking crisis. Credit Suisse will not be the only bank caught on the wrong side of bonds with negative yields suddenly having positive yields.

The Fed’s balance sheet jumped last week in response to the actions to support the US banking sector. While this is not technically QE, it is certainly confidence boosting. The conclusion is clear. If they are willing to unwind half of the quantitative tightening program to deal with the collapse of several mid-sized banks, what will they do when unemployment rises and earnings roll over?  

DB’s CDS has widened by virtually the same as UBS’s over the last month, even though it has not had to digest a rival with $575 billion in assets over a weekend.

Deutsche Bank’s revenues have fallen over most of the last decade, and the bank has faced questions around its governance, with BaFin, the German bank regulator, censuring it over its money-laundering controls. However, over the last two years the investment bank has spearheaded a recovery, with revenues and profitability improving.

Nonetheless, DB lagged the rebound seen in European bank shares that began last summer, while its price-to-book ratio remains subterranean.

Contagion risk is much lower than it was in 2008, but it is not zero. And contagion is not always fully logical: Credit Suisse’s tier 1 capital ratio was higher than DB’s.

No one reads prospectuses until they must. They are both long and boring, so file searches will now be underway to identify those with similar characteristics to the CoCos issued by Credit Suisse and UBS. Bond investors are not in the habit of being zeroed, and particularly so when the equity is still trading.

I would be grateful if Mr Treacy could provide comment on which casualty will government and central banks choose

The way I see the situation now is:

Printing money to save banks = increasing inflation + sinking small people
Raising interest rates = reducing inflation + sinking banks + sinking small people with adjustable/variable mortgages
EQUALS
government and central banks caught in vicious circle of their own making

Which casualty will in Mr Treacy's opinion governments + central banks choose going forward?

Thank you for this question which may be of interest to other subscribers. The big question is about the permanence of inflationary pressures.

In your first scenario, the return of excessive money printing takes place before inflationary pressures are under control. That would greatly increase the scope for a wage price spiral and would result in significantly higher interest rates than are currently in place. The net result would be a complete repricing of asset prices and financial risk which equates to market crashes in stocks, bonds and property. That sinks everyone not just small people. In fact, the lease affected would be those with fewer assets.

Support from the Swiss National Bank, which offered as much as 50 billion francs ($54 billion) from its liquidity facility, had brought some temporary relief to Credit Suisse and risk gauges for the broader European banking sector. That fizzled amid comments from the European Central Bank that some of the region’s lenders could be vulnerable to monetary policy tightening, followed by its decision to proceed with a planned half-point increase in interest rates.

The continued selloff signals more action may be needed to arrest a collapse in confidence that’s prompted clients to step back from the Swiss lender and banks to shield their finances from the potential fallout. While the panic surrounding Credit Suisse has so far shown little sign of infecting the broader financial system, any further turmoil would pose a significant risk for markets already on edge amid soaring interest rates and rampant inflation.

I have always been intrigued by the idea of Aleph null. It’s the infinity of infinities [ℵ0]. The set of natural number is infinite, but so is the set of even numbers, and so is the set of uneven numbers. There is also an infinite number of times a single number can be divided. Most of the time that is an academic novelty but when it comes to confidence and bailouts infinity matters. 

Fears that anything but a half-point hike would trigger panic among investors helped settle the European Central Bank’s interest-rate decision on Thursday, according to people familiar with the talks.

As officials met over the past two days, traders were scouring financial markets for signs that other lenders might suffer the same strains that had hammered Credit Suisse Group AG and Silicon Valley Bank. ECB Vice President Luis de Guindos already warned European finance ministers earlier in the week that banks could be vulnerable to rising borrowing costs.

While the ECB dropped language in their Thursday statement on the future path for rates, there remains a live discussion on the need for more increases to bring inflation under control once market turmoil subsides, said the people who declined to be identified because such deliberations are confidential.

Several hawkish officials still see the terminal rate well above the current 3%, the people said, pointing to President Christine Lagarde’s remark that the ECB “would have more ground to cover” if its baseline outlook for the economy were to be confirmed. Yet, some are questioning whether the peak in borrowing costs might now be lower than previously thought. 

The beginning of a hiking cycle leads to central banks trying to re-establish credibility they will do what is necessary to combat inflation. That also implies they will accept whatever pain in the economy is necessary to achieve that goal. The end of a hiking cycle forces them to reverse course because the economic pain grows so intense that it overwhelms the desire to appear credible. 

Defence budget and levelling up
Mr Hunt confirmed the government will add £11 billion to the defence budget over the next five years and another £30 million is being allocated for veterans.

There will be 12 new investment zones, and they will potentially be in the West Midlands, Greater Manchester, the North East, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, East Midlands, Teesside and Liverpool. There will also be at least one in each of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

Mr Hunt also announced a series of levelling-up and local transport-related funding pots.

Taxes
The chancellor confirmed the planned increase in corporation tax to 25 per cent will be going ahead, but announced a new policy of “full capital expensing” over the next three years, which will mean every pound invested in IT equipment, plant, or machinery can be deducted immediately from profits.

Mr Hunt said he will introduce a new tax credit for small and medium-sized firms that spend 40 per cent of their expenditure on research and development. Tax reliefs for film, TV and video gaming will also be extended, he said.

Up to £20 billion will be allocated for the early development of carbon capture and storage.

Mr Hunt said that, subject to consultation, nuclear power will qualify for the same investment incentives as renewable energy and alongside that “will come more public investment”.

Falling Gilt yields could not come at a better times for the UK and its mortgage holders. The upgraded growth estimate which expects to avoid a recession this year helps to highlight the efforts of the Bank of England to talk the market down were more about affecting sentiment than actually containing growth. 

Charles Schwab Corp. tumbled the most ever on an intraday-basis as the online brokerage sought to reassure investors that it has sufficient liquidity to handle any volatility following the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank.

Shares of Westlake, Texas-based Schwab dropped as much as 23% to $45 after trading was halted for volatility. The stock later pared its decline and was down 17% to $48.93 at 10:09 a.m.
in New York.

The firm has a broad base of customers and capital in excess of regulatory requirements, founder and Co-Chairman Charles Schwab and Chief Executive Officer Walt Bettinger said in a statement on its website Monday.

“Schwab’s long-standing reputation as a safe port in a storm remains intact, driven by record-setting business performance, a conservative balance sheet, a strong liquidity position, and a diversified base of 34 million-plus account-holders who invest with Schwab every day,” the executives wrote.

The company, with roughly $7.4 trillion of client assets, said it has access to about $100 billion of cash flow, more than $300 billion of incremental capacity with the Federal Home Loan Bank and other short-term facilities, and that more than 80% of deposits at its bank are insured by the Federal Deposit
Insurance Corp.
 

Companies like Schwab offered an attractive service to their customers during the big bull market. Instead of selling highly appreciated assets and absorbing the capital gains tax hit, why not offer the stock portfolio as collateral against a loan to buy a new house, car or boat? Real Estate agents I know report that was a major source of funding during the pandemic housing boom. 

80% of the leveraged finance market does not have a maturity until 2026 or beyond, so they have a lot of runway, a lot of liquidity, you got a well telegraphed recession as you talked about, they are cutting expenses and conserving cash. They are well set up to buy themselves time to see how this market unfolds…you just don’t have that crunch. We are coming off the greatest financing wave in history and so maturity has been pushed out and this plays out in that 80% stat I referenced. 

This is one of the most important topics in the debt markets today. Higher rates are obviously troubling for the holders of debt but you don’t get system problems until the borrowers have to pay to refinance and struggle. 

An office landlord controlled by Pacific Investment Management Co. has defaulted on about $1.7 billion of mortgage notes on seven buildings, a sign of widening pain for the industry as property values fall and rising interest rates squeeze borrowers.

The buildings — in San Francisco, New York, Boston and Jersey City, New Jersey — are owned by Columbia Property Trust, which was acquired in 2021 for $3.9 billion by funds managed by Pimco. The mortgages have floating-rate debt, which led to rising monthly payments as interest rates soared last year.

“We, like most office owners, are addressing the unique and unprecedented challenges currently facing our asset class and customer base,” Justina Lombardo, a spokesperson for Columbia Property Trust, said in an emailed statement. “We have engaged with our lenders on a restructuring of our loan on seven properties within our larger national portfolio.  We look forward to a collaborative process yielding thoughtful solutions that reflect current market conditions and best serve the interests of all stakeholders.”

Over the last few months I have been struck by the number of conversations I’d had where investors have been investing in private credit for years already. One way of thinking about it is investment banks are going back to their roots. 

The British premier had been preparing to unveil a new deal this week, but vocal opposition from unionists in Northern Ireland and Brexit hardliners in Sunak’s own Conservative Party scuppered the plan. Sunak had a positive talk with European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen late Friday and they will speak again soon, a person familiar said. He’s also gearing up to talk to his Cabinet before Monday, people directly involved in the plans said.

Sunak also wants to have further discussions with DUP Leader Jeffrey Donaldson, whose party has blocked the formation of Northern Ireland’s devolved power-sharing government for more than a year over the current post-Brexit trading arrangements, known as the Northern Ireland Protocol. His endorsement is likely to prove crucial and without it an announcement of the deal may be further delayed. 

There are three potential solutions to the question of how the Good Friday Agreement fits into the overall Brexit question. The first is the border with the EU is in the middle of the Irish Sea. This is the current situation which Boris Johnson implemented. 

I was watching your commentary today, you seem once again to be somewhat circumspect with regards to longer term bonds the world over, and as you have repeatedly said over recent weeks, yields are in a consistent trend higher. Why then do you continue to hold TLT, a very long duration bond that gets harder hit when yields rise, and the DoubleLine fund too? Can you explain your thinking on this front, as your commentary seems at odds with your actions, in this instance at least.

Thank you for this question which I’m sure will be of interest to the Collective. The simple answer is that bond yields are still trending higher but I do not expect that condition to last. I initiated my long positions at yields I found attractive. I’ll buy more if yields go much higher from here. 

The concern is that inflation doesn’t tick down as quickly as the BOE anticipates. Prices increased 11.1% in October, the most in 41 years. That eased in each of the past three months, but the latest inflation reading at 10.1% remains five times the BOE’s target rate.

The BOE will be heartened by news that inflation in the services sector eased in January. It’s one of the key indicators being watched by policymakers, who see it as gauge of domestically generated inflation that is hard to shift once it takes hold.

The other red flag is wage growth, which is now running at the fastest pace on record outside of the pandemic as labor shortages hand workers unprecedented bargaining power. 

The BOE fears inflation could become entrenched as companies keep raising prices to cover their salary costs. There were some signs of hope in the latest data, however, with figures for December alone showing a slowdown in private-sector pay increases.

The bond market is signaling it is a little early to declare victory over inflation. Gilts yields continues to steady from the region of the 200-day MA and a sustained move below 3% would be required to question potential for continued upside. 

Where next? The best comment, as it also applies to us, comes from one of our managers, Terry Smith: “Our companies should demonstrate a relatively resilient fundamental performance in such circumstances, and the only type of market which ends in a recession is a bear market.”

We are reminded by another market veteran we’ve followed for 40 years, Ed Yardeni, that the FAANGS, the mega tech US stocks which led the 2014 to 2021 bull market, still inflate the PER market rating. Without the FAANGS, the forward market multiple is only 16.7x, making it barely 2 points higher than the long-term average. Bearish commentators claim that earnings are about to take a hit, raising the PER, and rate rises are still in store. (Remember that 2 main factors influence share prices: the valuation of earnings, influenced largely by interest rates, and the earnings themselves). There may indeed be something to the bears’ claim.

Here is a link to the full report. 

Some of the biggest movers in the US market since the beginning of January have been the eight mega-cap household names stocks. Tesla and Nvidia rebounded impressively while Alphabet has been a clear laggard and all largely because of enthusiasm about the promise of AI. 

Brookfield Asset Management Ltd.’s earnings rose in the fourth quarter as it wrapped up a record year of fundraising that has given the firm more than $90 billion to invest. 

The Canadian alternative asset manager reported distributable earnings of $569 million, or 35 cents a share, up 6% from the prior year. It’s the first quarterly report for Brookfield Asset as a public company after it was spun out of parent Brookfield Corp. in December. 

The company raised a record $93 billion in capital last year. “Our fundraising outlook remains strong,” Chief Executive Officer Bruce Flatt and President Connor Teskey said in a letter to shareholders. “In 2023, we expect to have three flagship funds in the market, along with several complementary perpetual strategies and other long-term funds.”

Brookfield Corp. spun off a 25% stake in the division in an effort to gain a higher valuation by separating the money-management business from its own investment capital. Brookfield Asset managed $418 billion in fee-bearing capital at the end of December across asset classes including real estate, infrastructure, credit, private equity and renewable power.  

The Toronto-based company plans to more than double that to $1 trillion by 2027, driven by ambitious plans to grow in private credit and insurance. Some of the growth may come through acquisitions, Flatt suggested at a conference in December.  

$93 billion raised during a bear market for stocks and amid rising yields is an impressive feat. Blackstone is also chasing the moniker of the first alternative asset manager to reach $1 trillion under management. 

Powell says the labor market report from Friday “underscores the message” he sent last week, that there’s a significant road ahead to get inflation down. There’s an expectation that inflation can come down painlessly, but “that’s not the base case.”

The primary conclusion investors have taken from Jerome Powell’s interview today is pain might be coming but rates will quickly adjust when it does. The volatility on the Nasdaq-100 showed the development of this conclusion with a 1% advance, drop back to flat and recovery to finish up 1%. 

A broad gauge of dollar strength jumped after the jobless rate in the US hit a 53-year low as traders amped up bets on a higher policy rate.

The Bloomberg Dollar Spot Index extended gains for its biggest two-day climb in four months after data highlighted the resilience of the labor market and another report showed resurgence in consumer demand, suggesting even more tightening may be in store from the Federal Reserve. 

The greenback gained as much as 1.2%, climbing against all of its peers in the Group of 10, with the Japanese yen, the Australian dollar and New Zealand dollar falling the most. 

“The headline number for nonfarms was shocking, and the US dollar is clearly reacting to that,” said Bipan Rai, a currency strategist at Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce. “We still have plenty of data to comb through before the picture is complete.”

The simple logic is you cannot have a recession without unemployment rising. That suggests the Federal Reserve is under no pressure to cut rates and may even continue to raise them. That lent considerable support to the Dollar Index and it is working on a large upside weekly key reversal which marks a lot of at least near-term significance. 

The inflation that we originally got was very much a collision between very strong demand and hard supply constraints, not something that you really have seen in prior, you know, in business cycles.

And

I think it's -- because this is not like the other business cycles in so many ways. It may well be that as -- that it will take more slowing than we expect, than I expect to get inflation down to 2 percent.

And

this is not a standard business cycle where you can look at the last 10 times there was a global pandemic and we shut the economy down, and Congress did what it did and we did what we did.

There is some logic to that statement. We have never shut down the entire global economy or printed so much money in such a short period of time. The clear conclusion Powell is taking in predicting a soft landing is that inflation really is transitory. 

The European Central Bank lifted interest rates by a half-point, with President Christine Lagarde saying another such move is almost certain next month, despite conceding that the inflation outlook is improving.

Policymakers, as expected, raised the deposit rate to 2.5%, the highest since 2008. Lagarde warned that the most aggressive bout of monetary tightening in ECB history isn’t done — even as energy prices plunge and the Federal Reserve moderates the pace of its own hikes.

In a statement, the Governing Council said it “intends” to raise rates by another 50 basis points at its March meeting, then “evaluate the subsequent path of its monetary policy.”

The ECB may hike again at the next meeting but clear implication is the peak of the hiking cycle will be lower than the USA’s. The same is true for the Bank of England. The vast sums spent to avoid an energy crisis mean governments will be under pressure to contain costs in future. That will siphon money from speculative activities and help to contain demand driven inflationary pressures. 

Table 1 contains historical return data for the S&P 500 in the first five days of January as well as annual returns. This is the “Early Warning System.” The last 46 times that the first five days had positive returns, the full-year return was positive 38 times, for an 82.6% accuracy ratio. The average S&P 500 gain was 14.3% in those years.

The second part is the S&P 500 return in January and the accuracy in forecasting the return for the year. In years when the S&P 500 had positive returns in the month of January, the average return for the year was 17.6%. The indicator has registered 10 major errors since 1950, for an 85.7% accuracy ratio.

74% of time, the stock market finishes up on the year in nominal terms. The big question for investors is whether the strong positive return for just about every asset in January will improve those odds. At least the market is starting from a lower level so the odds of achieving that goal has been improved. 

There has been no suggestion that the Adani entities would struggle to make these payments, and Adani has flagged interest coverage ratios that show it has the wherewithal to meet such obligations.

But Hindenburg’s report last week alleging “accounting fraud” along with its short position in Adani’s US-traded bonds and non-Indian-traded derivatives has put the debt in the spotlight. Some of the notes have fallen to distressed levels below 70 cents on the dollar that generally show mounting concern about creditworthiness. The securities extended declines Monday after a rebuttal by the Indian conglomerate and as Hindenburg followed with its own response.

Tightening global liquidity causes liquidity issues. We’ve seen several examples of that in the last 12 months. The UK pension crisis, South Korean perpetuals, frontier country sovereign defaults, REIT withdrawal issues are all symptoms of that theme. The issues currently being explored with Adani are part of the same trend. The longer rates stay high and as liquidity tightens the more these issues will appear. Eventually we will see solvency issues arise.

In a recent article, Joseph Stiglitz argues that the current inflation is primarily due to the supply-side shock of the Covid crisis and to shifts in the demand patterns. His view is that the rate of inflation has already peaked - it is 1% higher now than in June 2022. He claims that the rise in interest rates has been largely passed on to consumers via higher prices and that any future interest rate rises would be inflationary.

Thank you for this email which may be of interest. I believe the article you referring to is Stiglitz’s one in Project Syndicate. Here is a section:

Worse, it is not even clear that there is any upside to this approach. In fact, raising interest rates could do more harm than good, by making it more expensive for firms to invest in solutions to the current supply constraints. The US Federal Reserve’s monetary-policy tightening has already curtailed housing construction, even though more supply is precisely what is needed to bring down one of the biggest sources of inflation: housing costs.

Moreover, many price-setters in the housing market may now pass the higher costs of doing business on to renters. And in retail and other markets more broadly, higher interest rates can actually induce price increases as the higher interest rates induce businesses to write down the future value of lost customers relative to the benefits today of higher prices.

To be sure, a deep recession would tame inflation. But why would we invite that? Fed Chair Jerome Powell and his colleagues seem to relish cheering against the economy. Meanwhile, their friends in commercial banking are making out like bandits now that the Fed is paying 4.4% interest on more than $3 trillion of bank reserve balances – yielding a tidy return of more than $130 billion per year.

The assumption the passthrough mechanism from costs to rents is seamless is a big leap. Without a healthy economy that delivers wage growth, rental yields increase through lower purchase prices. This article describing how robo-purchases by institutional investors in property have gone wrong, particularly Opendoor, may also be of interest. 

But in a Nov. 30 speech at the Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy at the Brookings Institution, Powell said he was watching something even more specific -- not core PCE, but core services PCE less housing. "[This] may be the most important category for understanding the future evolution of core inflation," Powell said at the time.

That isn't just specific, it is super specific. Core PCE already strips out food and energy. Core services PCE strips out food, energy, and the cost of physical goods. Powell wants to remove housing as well because "as long as new lease inflation keeps falling, we would expect housing services inflation to begin falling sometime next year," he explained.

When Powell refers to core services PCE less housing, he is really talking about the job market. "Because wages make up the largest cost in delivering these services, the labor market holds the key to understanding inflation in this category," he said. "Thus, another condition we are looking for is the restoration of balance between supply and demand in the labor market."

The Core services ex-housing PCE inflation measure continues to hold above 4% which is higher than at any time since 1992. It does look like it has peaked so the question is how quickly it will contract. The hopes for a soft landing reside in this measure falling back to below 3% and staying there without an uptick in unemployment.  

“In terms of just the macro and company performance, I think it will be much more muted as people capture the inflationary pressures,” he said. “Private equity M&A activity I think will be dampened.”

Concerns around portfolio company performance were not the only challenges up for discussion in the south of France, with private equity firms struggling to secure the debt financing they need to do big deals and juice returns and facing more competition when raising funds. 

The chief economist at German insurer Allianz SE, Ludovic Subran, said the industry had “nowhere to hide” when markets turned last year. “The private equity world has not been immune or has not defied gravity,” he said.

Banks pulling back from lending on buyouts was described as a “new reality” by Francois Jerphagnon, head of Ardian Expansion, in an interview with Bloomberg TV. This will open up an opportunity for private credit funds to step in, others said.

“There is much more interest in private credit and infrastructure where you do have that hedge against inflation and that hedge against rising rates,” said Richards at Pantheon.

Blackstone’s Eapen said private credit providers are in “the middle of a golden age” and that last year had been one of his business’s biggest ever for deploying capital. 

After the credit crisis, the vindictive wish of anyone who lost money in the crash was for banks to go broke. At the very least everyone concluded they needed to be heavily regulated. Today the burden of regulation is heavy within the banking sector and we are in our 15th year since the crash. 

Many junk-rated companies will require urgent funding. They may struggle to find it at a time when investors’ demand for sky-high premiums has effectively shut public capital markets as a refinancing avenue for the most stressed firms.

While default rates are expected to increase, it may not immediately become a flood of failures. A large chunk of high-yielding debt has weak investor safeguards — loose covenants that mean highly indebted firms will be able to delay engaging with creditors until further down the line. 

Moody’s forecasts the global default rate for high-yield companies will increase to 4.9% by November, up from 2.9% a year earlier. In a “severely pessimistic scenario,” however, the rate could go up to 12.6%, it said in a report published last month. 

It stands to reason that when the artificial support for failing companies is removed, they will go bust. Interest rates have surged over the last 12 months, the availability of credit is drying up as banks withdraw from lending and money supply growth is close to contraction on a year over year basis. That suggests many highly leveraged companies will have issues refinancing. 

“The private equity model works,” he said in a Bloomberg TV interview at the World Economic Forum in Davos on Wednesday. “It puts capital to work with experts that really help drive these companies.”

Pagliuca said private equity has “absolutely not” peaked and will still be able to deliver the standard 18% to 20% rate of return in the coming decades. 

“We’ve maintained those returns now every decade for 40 years,” he said. “It’s a great business model.”
Buyout firms are readjusting to an environment of higher interest rates that’s making it harder to finance deals and juice returns by loading companies with cheap debt. Valuations have tumbled in both the public and private markets.

Rising rates are bringing a reckoning for those firms that invested heavily in speculative technology companies at super-high multiples, according to Pagliuca. Bain has largely steered clear of this market and its portfolio is doing “pretty well,” he said.

There is no doubt that a version of the private equity business model continues perform. The investment practices of the world’s largest sovereign wealth funds, where the holding periods stretch from years to decades is a case in point. They have the financial resources to buy in times of market stress and hold for the long term. There will never be a time when buying low and securing growing cashflows with an infinite holding period will fail. 

As part of its deal with the IMF, Egypt agreed to shrink the footprint of all state-run enterprises, including “military-owned companies,” and committed to allow for a more flexible exchange rate.

“We are also looking at our region, and we want to be a role model for the region,” Al-Jadaan said. “We are encouraging a lot of the countries around us to really do reforms,” he said.

 

The UAE’s reluctance to offer donations but attach support to investments is a model Saudi Arabia is now also following. The big oil exporters want regional stability. This change of policy suggests they now appear to believe that will best be achieved through economic reforms.

The Arab Spring shook up the Middle East more than a decade ago and resulted in significant turmoil. It now appears that the policy suite developed in response to those events has matured. Large young populations need to be offered a route to a productive life or rebellion is inevitable. 

The Bank of Japan’s decision to keep its settings unchanged Wednesday gave global investors a modest jolt, leaving markets from the yen to Treasuries at risk from a potentially larger shock if officials opt to shift policy in the future.

Standing pat caught some traders by surprise, but it’s unlikely to douse speculation that the BOJ will normalize policy as inflation in Japan accelerates and Governor Haruhiko Kuroda nears the end of his term. It suggests just a temporary setback to bets on a stronger yen and a bond selloff as analysts say it’s still a question of when — not if — the central bank exits its yield-curve control policy.

Indeed, while Japan’s currency at one stage slumped more than 2% against the dollar in the wake of the decision, it clawed back some ground as the session proceeded, helped by a swath of US economic data that dented the greenback. Japanese government bonds surged as traders covered short positions and stocks pushed higher. US Treasury yields declined.

There were fireworks in Japanese markets this morning as the BoJ demurred from the tampering with its yield curve control policy. However the rebound in bonds and weakness in the Yen were short lived. Traders don’t see yield curve control lasting beyond Kuroda’s tenure. 

Thanks for the interesting comments about Saudi - I spent a couple of years working in Riyadh in the late eighties.

On a different subject do you see the re-occurrence of the US debt ceiling with the Senate's inability to pass (anything...) creating any problems?

Thank you for this topical question which I’m sure will be of interest to other subscribers. On another note, I suspect even veterans of living in Saudi would be surprised at the extent of progress made since MBS has taken power. 

The Tea Party movement gained traction in the aftermath of the credit crisis. They eventually gained enough sway over the Republican Party to force fiscal constraints onto the 2nd Obama administration. The Freedom caucus has given us a sneak peak at the trajectory of budget negotiations in the concessions they squeezed out of Keven McCarthy. 

“I suspect tumult” for markets in 2023, Summers told Bloomberg Television’s “Wall Street Week” with David Westin. “This is going to be remembered as a ‘V’ year when we recognized that we were headed into a different kind of financial era, with different kinds of interest-rate patterns.” 

In every other instance where quantitative tightening has been attempted bonds yields go up first. That is fuelled by fears central bank selling of bonds will crowd out other investors which pushes down prices. That process lasts for several months, then yields come back down. The collapse in yields is driven by rising deflationary fears as liquidity is drained out of the economy.